The primary difference between bilateral and multilateral trade lies in the number of participants, i.e. in a bilateral trade agreement involve two participants i.e. two nations, whereas in the case of multilateral trade agreements, entails three or more nations without discrimination between the countries involved. What is International Trade? International trade means the exchange of goods and services among multiple nations, wherein domestic companies can export their specialties to other … [Read more...]

There are instances when all the shares which a company offers are not subscribed by the company, in that case, the total number of shares applied for is less than the number of shares offered by the company to the public. This is a situation of under subscription. On the other hand, there are also certain cases when the general public subscribes for more shares than the shares offered by the company, then in this case over subscription takes place. In this regard, first of all, we need to … [Read more...]

When a shareholder pays the amount due on calls before it is demanded, it refers to the calls in advance, and the amount received by the company, is kept in a separate account, i.e. Calls in Advance A/c, and so it is not indicated as the capital of the company until it is demanded by the company from the shareholders. In contrast, when the company issues notice to all the shareholders regarding the payment of allotment or call money due on the shares, it needs to be paid within the specified … [Read more...]

Re-Order Level (ROL) implies the material level at which purchase requisition is generated for a fresh supply of material. When the stock on hand, approaches the reorder point, the storekeeper takes action to replenish the exhausted stock. So, the difference between reorder level and minimum level will be adequate to meet the production requirement till the fresh supply is received. On the contrary, Re-Order Quantity (ROQ) represents the size of the order, which is going to be placed by the … [Read more...]

Sacrificing Ratio is the ratio of sacrifice as to the part of profit made by the old partners, in favor of the one who is entering the firm. On the other side, the gaining ratio is the ratio of gain in the share of profit, received by the continuing partner when one of the partners resigns or leaves the firm. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio Change in the Profit Sharing Ratio (PSR) is due to the following reasons Purchase of a share of profit by one partner from another leads to a change in … [Read more...]

In a business, purchases are made by the firm to keep a stock of goods for the purpose of reselling it to customers and also for producing other products. When the purchases are made, they are recorded in the purchase day book first which indicates the name of the supplier and other details as to the product bought. Thereafter, the total is transferred to the Purchases account every month from the Purchases Book. Purchase Book is a book of original entry, just like Journal. In fact, it is a … [Read more...]

Strategic Control is all about following the trail or movements of the strategy as it is implemented in order to identify the areas of issue or potential areas of the issue so that necessary adjustments can be made. On the other hand, operational control is a subset of management control whose aim is to regularly monitor and check the routine business operations so as to confirm the consistency and quality in business activities. Strategic Control focuses on attaining future goals and not … [Read more...]

Bad Debt refers to the sum due from the debtors, which remains unrealized, and so they are written off in the company's books of accounts. As against, doubtful debts refer to the debt, with which there is an uncertainty, as to the degree to which amount will be recovered from the debtor. Who are Debtors? Goods and services are sold for the purpose of generating revenue for the business. However, all the goods are not sold in cash, and goods on credit are allowed to a number of customers. So, … [Read more...]

The words 'expenses' and 'expenditure' are commonly used as synonyms, but there is a fine line of differences between them. While expense refers to the amount spent on the production or selling of the goods and services, so as to generate revenue, expenditure implies any type of disbursement of funds made by the enterprise. While expense denotes consumption of cost, expenditure indicates outlay of funds. It is worth noting that expenditure is a broad term that covers expenses. Further, the … [Read more...]

National Income, as the name suggests is the income of a nation, measured in terms of production, during the course of a financial year. Hence, when the production is represented in terms of final goods and services, it is called a National Product, whereas when it is represented in monetary terms, it is National Income. It tends to determine the quantum of economic activity carried out during the course of an accounting period. Contrarily, Domestic Income implies the summation of the factor … [Read more...]