A departmental store is a huge retail showroom consisting of various departments functioning in the same place. In this, each department limits its functions to a specific kind of trade. Therefore, the departments are a complete unit in themselves, i.e. each department is a separate shop. Talking about multiple shops, which consist of several branch shops, which a business enterprise owns. These shops are set up at different locations in the city and throughout the country. They specialize in … [Read more...]

MBO and MBE are the two models of management. The aim of these two models is to help the management focus on the attainable and ultimate goal, as well as to channelise their efforts into the achievement of the best possible results with the help of available resources at that point in time. MBO is an acronym for Management by Objectives. MBO is a system of management wherein each member takes part in the organization effectively. Conversely, MBE is a short form for Management by Exception. … [Read more...]

Generally, a company gives two kinds of dividends to its shareholders - cash dividends and stock dividends. A cash dividend is one in which the company distributes a definite amount of money to each shareholder for each share owned. On the other hand, a stock dividend is obtained from distributable equity in the form of stock. Oppositely, Stock Split is another action which the company takes, in which the number of shares held by a shareholder gets multiplied. In this, what exactly happens is … [Read more...]

Have you any idea of the shipping agreements? There are two famous international shipping agreements, i.e. CIF contract and the FOB contract. These contracts are used for the transportation of goods between the buyer and seller. In FOB contracts, the seller's duty is to load the goods onto the ship proposed by the buyer. As against, in CIF contracts, the duty of the seller is to deliver the goods to the shipping company for transmitting them to the buyer. Do you know? FOB and CIF contracts … [Read more...]

In auditing, verification implies the process of checking the accuracy of the value of assets and liability. The auditor checks the accuracy with regard to the title and the existence of the assets and liabilities as the company's books reflect. Valuation of assets means the determination of the value of the specific asset of the enterprise on the balance sheet date. It involves testing the correct value of assets depending upon their utility. In short, it is all about finding out the … [Read more...]

Promotion is an upward movement on the organizational ladder. It involves shifting an employee from a lower designation to a higher designation. On taking charge of the higher position, the employee will have greater authority, status, responsibilities, and so forth. And at the same time, he will get better remuneration and emoluments. But, the transfer is a lateral move on the organizational ladder. It involves shifting an employee from one place to another, like one branch or department to … [Read more...]

While a pamphlet is a non-commercial advertising tool, a brochure is a commercial one. In this sense, we use pamphlets to inform, but brochures to promote something. When compared to flyers and leaflets, which are throw-away documents, a brochure is a promotional sales tool, which is meant to be kept and refer more than once. It does not just target customers, but also resellers and sales teams. There are a number of terms, which are connected to the printing world, that you might encounter … [Read more...]

TPM is a subset of TQM. TPM is a method that deals with the maintenance of equipment. It helps in reaching perfect production with no breakdowns, no defects, no small stops and no mishaps. It focuses on proactive and preventive maintenance. This will magnify the operational efficiency of the equipment. But, TQM is a proven approach that assures the survival of the organization even in cut-throat competition. It is a philosophy derived from ideas introduced by quality Gurus, over the years. It … [Read more...]

Prior to initiating any work, planning is necessary because when things are well-planned desired results can be achieved. Similarly, for production, planning beforehand is important as it provides us with the parameters to implement control on the activities and suggests if there are any discrepancies. Production planning entails thinking in advance about what to do and how to do something. However, scheduling involves the allocation of resources or production facilities to process work … [Read more...]

An audit certificate ratifies the truth and correctness of a fact, figure or statement. On the contrary, an audit report contains a statement of fact or expression of opinion about the truth and fairness of the fact, figures and statements. Once the auditing process is complete, the auditor must prepare a report in a summarized form. This is what we call an audit report. The audit submits this report to the person or body who appoints him. But in general, the auditor submits it to the … [Read more...]