To a layperson accuracy and precision are synonyms, but to a person involved in measurement, these two convey different meanings. While accuracy is 'the state of being correct', precision is 'the state of being exact', people commonly misconstrue the two terms. Accuracy symbolizes the extent of conformity, whereas Precision indicates the extent of reproducibility. At the time of taking measurements, these two are always taken into account, due to their utmost importance in the various … [Read more...]

The primary difference between classification and tabulation is that the process of classifying data int groups is known as classification of data, whereas tabulation is the act of presenting data in tabular form, for better interpretation. After the collection of data is completed, it is prepared for analysis. As the data is raw, it needs to be transformed in such a way, that it is appropriate for analysis. The form of data, highly influences the result of analysis and so, to get positive … [Read more...]

While questionnaires are mailed to the respondents, to be answered, in the manner specified in the cover letter. The interview is a one to one communication; wherein the respondents are asked questions directly. Once the research problem is defined and research design is laid out, the task of data collection begins. There are two types of data, i.e. primary data and secondary data. The data collection methods of these two types of data differ, because, in the case of primary data, the … [Read more...]

The primary tool, in the research process, is a hypothesis, that intends to suggest new experiments and observations. There are many experiments which are undertaken with the sole objective of testing hypothesis. It refers to a supposition, regarding an observable phenomenon of a relationship between various phenomena. The term 'hypothesis' is often contrasted with the term theory which implies an idea, typically proven, which aims at explaining facts and events. Both hypothesis and theory … [Read more...]

Research, an art of scientific investigation. It is a methodical search for relevant information or facts on a particular topic. It aims at discovering the answers to questions by applying scientific procedures. It is very helpful in the collection of authentic data. There are two kinds of research, i.e. primary research and secondary research. Primary research is one that involves the gathering of fresh data, i.e. when data about a particular subject is collected for the first time, then the … [Read more...]

In Income Tax, an assessee's total income for the previous year is taxable in the assessment year. Although there are certain provisions in the act, through which, the recovery of tax on income, is possible in the previous year itself, i.e. through TDS, TCS, and payment of advance tax. If you are not able to tell the difference between TDS and TCS, you are not the only one. While TDS is an expense, TCS is an income. TDS stands for Tax deduction at source,  TCS expands to Tax collection at … [Read more...]

The main difference between ITR-1 and ITR-4S lies in the fact that ITR is opted by those assessees who chooses presumptive taxation, whereas this is not so in the case of ITR-1. The Central Government of India has the right to levy Income Tax. It is a direct tax, imposed on the total income of the person, in the previous year. The term person includes all type of assessees covered under the act, i.e. Individual, Association of Persons (AOP), Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), Body of Individuals … [Read more...]

In spite of the steps taken to reduce prejudice and discrimination from the society, they are still prevalent throughout the world. It may cause much pain and suffering to an individual or entire group, which results in the limiting opportunities for the people belonging to  that group and even violence. Due to a number of similarities between these two, people often misinterpret prejudice for discrimination, but they're two very different concepts. In the purest sense, prejudice is a … [Read more...]

One of the widely accepted facts about human beings is, No two people are alike, whether in terms of physical appearance (i.e. body structure, height, weight, colour, etc) or abstract aspects (like intelligence, attitude, personality, behaviour and so on). Many people take a person's attitude as their behaviour. Although directly or indirectly they are interrelated, they are different in the sense that attitude represents how a person thinks or feels about someone or something. On the other … [Read more...]

Facts and opinions are often uttered in the same breath; the terms have a huge difference in their meanings. Whether a statement is a fact or an opinion depends on the validity of the statement. While a fact refers to the something true or real, which is backed by evidence, documentation, etc. On the other hand, opinion is what a person believes or thinks about something. In finer terms, a fact is a proven truth, whereas opinion is a personal view, that represents the outlook of an … [Read more...]