Organization means a systematically organized collection of people, with a common goal and identity associated with an external environment, like a business entity or a government department. It is often misconstrued with the institution, which encompasses an entity, with a high degree of sustainability, that can be seen as an indispensable part of the large society or community. The term institution is commonly used for the place of knowledge, i.e. an entity which delivers information or … [Read more...]

Validity talks about the soundness of the research design and methods. While carrying out the experiment, the researcher has two objectives, relating to the validity, i.e. draw conclusions about the impact of an independent variable on the group under study and make inferences about the population as a whole. The first objective stresses on internal validity, whereas the second focuses on external validity. The basic difference between internal and external validity is that the former talks … [Read more...]

Simply, the validity of the measuring instrument represents the degree to which the scale measures what it is expected to measure. It is not same as reliability, which refers to the degree to which measurement produces consistent outcomes. For the purpose of checking the accuracy and applicability, a multi-item measurement scale needs to be evaluated, in terms of reliability, validity, and generalizability. These are certain preferred qualities which gauge the goodness in measuring the … [Read more...]

Variable refers to the quantity that changes its value, which can be measured. It is of two types, i.e. discrete or continuous variable. The former refers to the one that has a certain number of values, while the latter implies the one that can take any value between a given range. Data can be understood as the quantitative information about a specific characteristic. The characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative, but for the purpose of statistical analysis, the qualitative … [Read more...]

In India, there is an area based representation system and so, by the cause of elections the country is divided into different areas called as electoral constituencies. For Lok Sabha elections, the country is split into 543 constituencies. The voters of each constituency choose their representative, called as Member of Parliament or MP. In the same way, each state and union territory is divided into a certain number of assembly constituencies. And the elected members of these assembly … [Read more...]

In the jurisdiction hierarchy, the Supreme Court (SC) of India, stands at the top most rank and is the primary judicial body and final court of appeal set up by the Indian Constitution. It followed by the High Court (HC), which is the apex judicial forum at the state and union territory level. One of the major difference between High Court and Supreme Court is that the judgement made by the HC, can be reviewed in the SC, but the judgement of SC is final and binding, so there is no further review … [Read more...]

Skewness, in basic terms, implies off-centre, so does in statistics, it means lack of symmetry. With the help of skewness, one can identify the shape of the distribution of data. Kurtosis, on the other hand, refers to the pointedness of a peak in the distribution curve. The main difference between skewness and kurtosis is that the former talks of the degree of symmetry, whereas the latter talks of the degree of peakedness, in the frequency distribution. Data can be distributed in many ways, … [Read more...]

The state can be understood as the constituent division, which possesses a separate government. Conversely, Union Territory is a small administrative unit, that is ruled by the Union. India, a country located in the South Asia, is among the largest country in the world. It is a federal country, i.e. here the power is distributed among the central and various units. When it comes to administrative divisions of the country, after the inclusion of Telangana there are total 29 states and 7 Union … [Read more...]

In mathematics, you might have noticed superscript, i.e. a little digit that is placed above and to the right of any number. The large the number is the difficult is to read, compare and operate and due to this reason, superscripts are used to convert larger numbers into the smallest form. This is done with the help of powers and exponents, that are the basic concept of mathematics but are also juxtaposed by many students. Exponents represent the number of times the base is multiplied. On the … [Read more...]

Latitude alludes to the horizontal lines that represent the distance of any point, north or south of the equator, its direction is east to west. On the other hand, longitude implies the vertical lines indicating the distance of any point, east or west of the prime meridian, its direction is north to south. Latitudes are also known as parallels while longitudes are termed as meridians. On earth's surface, locations are determined by the two reference lines known as latitude and longitude. In … [Read more...]