Rivers are described as the large natural water body, which flows towards the sea or another river. It is one of the major sources of water supply to the living beings. In India, the rivers are broadly classified as Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers. Himalayan rivers are the watercourses that arise from Himalayan ranges and are perennial in nature. On the contrary, Peninsular rivers are the ones that originate from the Western Ghats and are non-perennial. The catchment area of Himalayan … [Read more...]

Kharif and Rabi are the two cropping patterns which are adopted in many Asian countries, depending upon the monsoon. The cropping season of Kharif crops starts with the onset of monsoon and ends when the rainy season is over. On the other hand, Rabi crops are grown in winter, i.e. sown when monsoon ends and harvested before the advent of the summer season. Kharif crops require hot and wet climate whereas cold and dry climate is best suited for Rabi crops. Rainfall plays a significant role in … [Read more...]

There are many schemes run by the government to further the education of the needy and meritorious students, based on specific criteria which should be fulfilled by the student, in order to avail it. Scholarship and fellowship are two such schemes which are quite commonly misconstrued in this regard. The scholarship is defined as a money granted by the government or any other organization to the students who fit the criteria set by the granting authority. Conversely, the fellowship is the … [Read more...]

Organization means a systematically organized collection of people, with a common goal and identity associated with an external environment, like a business entity or a government department. It is often misconstrued with the institution, which encompasses an entity, with a high degree of sustainability, that can be seen as an indispensable part of the large society or community. The term institution is commonly used for the place of knowledge, i.e. an entity which delivers information or … [Read more...]

Validity talks about the soundness of the research design and methods. While carrying out the experiment, the researcher has two objectives, relating to the validity, i.e. draw conclusions about the impact of an independent variable on the group under study and make inferences about the population as a whole. The first objective stresses on internal validity, whereas the second focuses on external validity. The basic difference between internal and external validity is that the former talks … [Read more...]

Simply, the validity of the measuring instrument represents the degree to which the scale measures what it is expected to measure. It is not same as reliability, which refers to the degree to which measurement produces consistent outcomes. For the purpose of checking the accuracy and applicability, a multi-item measurement scale needs to be evaluated, in terms of reliability, validity, and generalizability. These are certain preferred qualities which gauge the goodness in measuring the … [Read more...]

Variable refers to the quantity that changes its value, which can be measured. It is of two types, i.e. discrete or continuous variable. The former refers to the one that has a certain number of values, while the latter implies the one that can take any value between a given range. Data can be understood as the quantitative information about a specific characteristic. The characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative, but for the purpose of statistical analysis, the qualitative … [Read more...]

In India, there is an area based representation system and so, by the cause of elections the country is divided into different areas called as electoral constituencies. For Lok Sabha elections, the country is split into 543 constituencies. The voters of each constituency choose their representative, called as Member of Parliament or MP. In the same way, each state and union territory is divided into a certain number of assembly constituencies. And the elected members of these assembly … [Read more...]

In the jurisdiction hierarchy, the Supreme Court (SC) of India, stands at the top most rank and is the primary judicial body and final court of appeal set up by the Indian Constitution. It followed by the High Court (HC), which is the apex judicial forum at the state and union territory level. One of the major difference between High Court and Supreme Court is that the judgement made by the HC, can be reviewed in the SC, but the judgement of SC is final and binding, so there is no further review … [Read more...]

Skewness, in basic terms, implies off-centre, so does in statistics, it means lack of symmetry. With the help of skewness, one can identify the shape of the distribution of data. Kurtosis, on the other hand, refers to the pointedness of a peak in the distribution curve. The main difference between skewness and kurtosis is that the former talks of the degree of symmetry, whereas the latter talks of the degree of peakedness, in the frequency distribution. Data can be distributed in many ways, … [Read more...]