Gram Sabha is used to mean a general assembly of all the people of a village, who have attained the age of 18 years and their name is entered in the voter list. The executive committee of the Gram Sabha is known as Gram Panchayat which consists of the representatives elected by the Sabha. In India, democracy is present at all the levels, whether it is central, state or local level. At the local level, Panchayati Raj system is established by the government, after independence, so as to … [Read more...]

As both bay and gulf are the places where land meets water. They are the water bodies connected to the sea, formed by the erosion of coastline. In spite of many similarities, it is important to note that they are different, in the sense that bay has a wider opening than the gulf. Further, it is also said that the gulfs are larger and more deeply indented as compared to the bay. Bay is a part of the coast, having an inward land curve, in such a way that the sea is enclosed by land on three … [Read more...]

When the river enters the sea or any other watercourse, where the flow of water is slow and cannot further carry the sediment brought by the river, the sediment is dropped at the river mouth and which results in the formation of a delta. It is not exactly same as an estuary, which is a coastal water body, where the river meets the sea or any other watercourse, with brackish water. In short, the basic difference between estuary and delta is that the former is a tidal mouth of the river, where … [Read more...]

Rivers are described as the large natural water body, which flows towards the sea or another river. It is one of the major sources of water supply to the living beings. In India, the rivers are broadly classified as Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers. Himalayan rivers are the watercourses that arise from Himalayan ranges and are perennial in nature. On the contrary, Peninsular rivers are the ones that originate from the Western Ghats and are non-perennial. The catchment area of Himalayan … [Read more...]

Kharif and Rabi are the two cropping patterns which are adopted in many Asian countries, depending upon the monsoon. The cropping season of Kharif crops starts with the onset of monsoon and ends when the rainy season is over. On the other hand, Rabi crops are grown in winter, i.e. sown when monsoon ends and harvested before the advent of the summer season. Kharif crops require hot and wet climate whereas cold and dry climate is best suited for Rabi crops. Rainfall plays a significant role in … [Read more...]

There are many schemes run by the government to further the education of the needy and meritorious students, based on specific criteria which should be fulfilled by the student, in order to avail it. Scholarship and fellowship are two such schemes which are quite commonly misconstrued in this regard. The scholarship is defined as a money granted by the government or any other organization to the students who fit the criteria set by the granting authority. Conversely, the fellowship is the … [Read more...]

Validity talks about the soundness of the research design and methods. While carrying out the experiment, the researcher has two objectives, relating to the validity, i.e. draw conclusions about the impact of an independent variable on the group under study and make inferences about the population as a whole. The first objective stresses on internal validity, whereas the second focuses on external validity. The basic difference between internal and external validity is that the former talks … [Read more...]

Simply, the validity of the measuring instrument represents the degree to which the scale measures what it is expected to measure. It is not same as reliability, which refers to the degree to which measurement produces consistent outcomes. For the purpose of checking the accuracy and applicability, a multi-item measurement scale needs to be evaluated, in terms of reliability, validity, and generalizability. These are certain preferred qualities which gauge the goodness in measuring the … [Read more...]

Variable refers to the quantity that changes its value, which can be measured. It is of two types, i.e. discrete or continuous variable. The former refers to the one that has a certain number of values, while the latter implies the one that can take any value between a given range. Data can be understood as the quantitative information about a specific characteristic. The characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative, but for the purpose of statistical analysis, the qualitative … [Read more...]

In India, there is an area based representation system and so, by the cause of elections the country is divided into different areas called as electoral constituencies. For Lok Sabha elections, the country is split into 543 constituencies. The voters of each constituency choose their representative, called as Member of Parliament or MP. In the same way, each state and union territory is divided into a certain number of assembly constituencies. And the elected members of these assembly … [Read more...]