According to Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Hearsay rule states that what is clearly expressed about the fact under discussion, is irrelevant. Admission and Confession are two exceptions to this rule that are commonly juxtaposed. In general sense, admission means admitting of any fact as true. It suggests conclusion on the liability of the person who makes the statement. On the other extreme, confession implies a statement, which outrightly admits the suit. A confession is made by the person … [Read more...]

Indian Penal Code is the law that states the punishable offences in India, along with their punishments or penalty or both. As opposed, Criminal Procedure Code pertains to the law that describes the overall procedure which is to be followed while undertaking a criminal case. Nowadays, everywhere in the newspapers, news channels and other social media platforms, like facebook, twitter, etc. we come to know about the criminal activities that take place in our area or country such as rapes, … [Read more...]

Law is used to mean the rules made by the government to protect the fundamental rights of the citizens. Non-compliance or violation of the law can lead to punishment such as imprisonment or penalty. Laws are classified into two groups procedural law and substantive law, wherein the Procedural law administers the operation of a particular case, by conforming to the step by step process through which the case passes. On the contrary, the substantive law can be defined as one that comprises of … [Read more...]

Law can be understood as the body of rules, established by the appropriate authority and adopted by the country as rules and principles that govern the actions of its members, that can be put into practice by the imposition of penalties. There are two types of laws, that are adopted in many countries, namely common law and statutory law. The common law implies the law that emerges from new decisions made by the judges, courts and tribunals. On the other hand, the statutory law means a formal … [Read more...]

Meeting of members should be held to take members approval on some business matters. To transact ordinary business and the special business (if any) of the company, the annual general meeting is held by the board, whereas special business is discussed in the extraordinary general meeting. A company has a separate legal identity distinct from its members, but they are the ones who establish the company as a corporate entity. Nevertheless, the company is an artificial person, and so its will is … [Read more...]

When it comes to taxes, one needs to be registered with the appropriate authority, who allots a number, for the identification of the assessee. The terms PAN and TAN are used in this context. PAN stands for Permanent Account Number which is a unique identification number, for income tax purposes. TAN, on the other extreme, expands to Tax deduction and collection Account Number, which identifies every person who is liable for the deduction or collection of tax at source. Both PAN and TAN … [Read more...]

The contract can be defined as any agreement which is legally enforceable. So, the fundamental elements of a contract are agreement and enforceability as per law, wherein the agreement is a result of offer and acceptance. Based on the formation, contracts are grouped as, express contract, implied contract and quasi-contract. Express contracts connote the type of contract whose terms are expressly declared. On the other extreme, implied contracts are those contracts which are not expressly … [Read more...]

The most important feature of the negotiable instrument is that it can be freely transferred, which is possible in two ways, i.e. negotiation and assignment. Negotiation implies the transfer of negotiable instrument, that takes place in order to make the transferee, the holder of the instrument. On the other hand, assignment alludes to the transfer of ownership of the negotiable instrument, in which the assignee gets the right to receive the amount due on the instrument from the prior … [Read more...]

Law implies a body of rules which are recognized by a country to govern the action and behavior of the citizens. It can be grouped as substantive law - that ascertains the rights of the parties and procedural/adjective law - that determines the practice, procedure and machinery to implement the rights and duties. On the grounds of decree or order, a judgment is passed by the court. An order is nothing but a judgment while a decree is a final part of judgement. The primary difference between … [Read more...]

Every country's constitution enforces certain laws, for the purpose of maintaining order and protecting the society from crimes. These laws are broadly classified into two categories, i.e. Civil Law and Criminal Law. The Civil law lays emphasis on resolving the dispute like family dispute, rent matters, disputes relating to the sale and so forth. On the other hand, Criminal law stresses on punishment to the offender, who breaches the law by acts such as, murder, rape, theft, smuggling, … [Read more...]