Industrial Dispute, can be defined as the conflict between employer and employee, that is a result of a disagreement in their industrial relation, which is due to a clash of interest, resulting in dissatisfaction, for either of the parties concerned. Such disputes may take different forms like a strike, lock-out, dismissal of workers, protests etc. Lock-out is a situation, wherein there is a provisional closure of the place of employment, as a result of strike executed by trade unions or due to … [Read more...]

In many organization, the directors themselves plays the role of a manager, but it does not mean that the role of the two important ranks of the company is same. A director can be an employee, member or any other person, who is unanimously chosen by the company's shareholder at the general meeting. In contrast, a manager is a paid employee of the company who possesses a substantial amount of knowledge, expertise, and abilities to manage the organization. The paramount difference between … [Read more...]

In the hyper-competitive environment, it is difficult for business houses to survive, grow and expand in the long-run if they do not have strategic planning. A strategic planning is an activity, which determines the objectives and considers both internal and external environment to design, implement, analyze and adjust the strategies, to gain competitive advantage. Strategic Planning is not exactly same as strategic management, which implies a stream of decisions and actions taken by the top … [Read more...]

Henry Fayol, a Mining Engineer and Executive of France, who listed out 14 Principles of Management. Two such Management theories are Unity of Command and Unity of Direction. Unity of Command proclaims that each employee is accountable to one supervisor and thus, get orders from him, relating to the task to be performed. Unity of Direction, on the other hand, signifies that the series of activities having similar objective should be performed as per a single plan and that too under one … [Read more...]

Audit Plan refers to the scheme formulated by the auditor that comprises of strategy or approach, that is followed for carrying out audit. On the other hand, audit programme implies a range of verification procedures, which are applied to the final accounts, to acquire audit evidence, and thus helping auditor in providing an informed opinion. While conducting the audit, the auditor requires evidence, in support of his opinion. A collection of evidence is the beginning of the auditing process. … [Read more...]

Advertising is one of the widely used techniques of promotion, wherein modes like television, radio, newspapers, internet, etc. are used for creating demand or interest of the customers towards the product or services offered by the company. On the other hand, personal selling is the verbal communication of the message, to one or more customers, so as to create sales. Both advertising and personal selling are two major elements of promotion mix, which is employed by the organization to reach … [Read more...]

In simple terms, insurance is the act of indemnifying the risk, caused to another person. Conversely, reinsurance is when the insurance company takes up insurance to guard itself against the risk of loss. The two concepts are very similar to each other but may differ in they way; they are applied. Insurance is a very common form of financial protection which is used to provide protection against the risk of losses. On the other hand, reinsurance is used by the insurance company, when it does … [Read more...]

When the members of the organization, communicate with each other, it is called as internal communication. However, when there is a communication between members of the organization, with the outside party, it is said to be external communication. These are two types of communication, which can be seen in the corporate world. This article excerpt will provide you all the important differences between internal and external communication. In the process of management, communication plays a … [Read more...]

Internal control is a system that comprises of control environment and procedure, which help the organization in achieving business objectives. On the other hand, internal audit is an activity performed by professionals to ensure that internal control system implemented in the organization are effective. Control is one of most prominent human need, that is present in almost every human activity. So, in business too, control have a great role to play in ensuring best possible use of resources … [Read more...]

BCG matrix is a matrix used by large corporations to decide the ratio in which resources are allocated among various business segments. Similar to this, GE matrix also helps firms decide their strategy with respect to different product lines, i.e. the product they should add in the range of products offered by them and in which opportunity the firm should invest. Both BCG matrix and GE matrix are two-dimensional models, that are used by big business houses, having several product lines and … [Read more...]